微软飞行模拟波音747自动驾驶，微软模拟飞行2020波音747全过程

今天小编为大家分享热门的游戏排行榜、游戏攻略！希望能够帮助到大家！驾驶模拟游戏微软模拟飞行2020目前已经在steam和微软商店正式发售，游戏中有自动驾驶系统可供玩家选择使用，下面给大家分享波音747-8自动驾驶指南 此文章为 “波音747-400” 机型的 自动驾驶仪, 仅供参考和理解自动驾驶系统的逻辑

荷兰皇家航空 KLM Boeing 747-400 MCP The autopilot and flight director Mode Control Panel (MCP) in the Boeing 747 is located in the glare shield and is the human machine interface to the flight guidance system of this airliner. The MCP of this Boeing aircraft can be be split into several regions: Auto Throttle, Speed, Heading, Vertical Speed, Altitude, Approach and Autopilot Masters 波音747的自动驾驶仪和飞行指挥器模式控制面板(MCP)位于防眩光罩中，是该飞机飞行指导系统的人机界面。 这架波音飞机的MCP可以分为几个区域： 自动油门，速度，航向，垂直速度，高度，进近和自动驾驶大师

MCP模式控制板 Overview of the buttons, switches and knobs: F/D - Toggles visibility of Flight Director Speed A/T ARM - arms or disengages Auto Throttle THR - Thrust Button reduces or increases thrust reference (THR REF) SPD - Speed Button selects auto throttle speed (SPD) IAS/MACH - Speed window that displays the selected airspeed, blanked if VNAV controls speed SEL - Toggles between IAS and MACH display Speed Knob - rotated to adjust selected speed, pushed for speed intervention LNAV - Lateral NAVigation is engaged with this button VNAV - Vertical NAVigation is engaged with this button FLCH - Flight Level CHange button can be pressed to command a climb or descent towards selected altitude Heading HDG - Selected Heading window always showing the currently selected heading HDG Knob - Changes the selected heading SEL - Engages the selected heading mode (HDG SEL) BANK LIMIT - Selector for the maximum bank angle for autopilot turns HOLD - levels the aircraft and holds present heading (HDG HOLD) Vertical Speed VERT SPD - Selected vertical speed window. Blanked when active vertical mode is not vertical speed Vertical Speed Wheel - used to nose down (increase sinkrate) or nose up (increase vertical speed) VS - Engages Vertical Speed (VS) hold mode Altitude ALT - Selected altitude window ALT knob - Rotated to increase or decrease selected altitude HOLD - button to command an immediate level off and maintain present altitude (ALT HOLD) Approach LOC - Arms localizer capture only APP - Arms localizer and glide slope capture or, if no ILS approach was programmed, arms LNAV and VNAV approach. Autopilot Masters A/P ENGAGE: L CMD, C CMD, R CMD engage the left, center and right autopilot command (CMD). DISENGAGE - Disconnects all three autopilots 按钮，开关和旋钮的概述： F / D-切换Flight Director的可见性 速度 A / T ARM-武装或脱离自动油门 THR-推力按钮减少或增加推力参考值(THR REF) SPD-速度按钮选择自动油门速度(SPD) IAS / MACH-显示选定空速的“速度”窗口，如果VNAV控制速度，则为空白 SEL - IAS和MACH显示之间切换 速度旋钮 -旋转以调整选定的速度，按下以进行速度干预 LNAV-此按钮启用了横向导航 VNAV -垂直导航与此按钮从事 FLCH-可以按下“ Flight Level CHange”按钮来命令向选定的高度爬升或下降 标题 HDG-“选定标题”窗口始终显示当前选定的标题 HDG旋钮 -更改选定的标题 SEL -接合选定的标题模式(HDG SEL) BANK LIMIT-自动舵转弯的最大倾斜角度选择器 保持 -调平飞机并保持当前航向(HDG保持) 垂直速度 VERT SPD-选定的垂直速度窗口。当活动垂直模式不是垂直速度时为空白 垂直速度轮 -用于向下垂(增加下沉速度)或向上垂(增加垂直速度) VS-启用垂直速度(VS)保持模式 高度 ALT-选定的高度窗口 ALT旋钮 -旋转以增加或减少选定的高度 HOLD(保持) -用于命令立即平移并保持当前高度(ALT HOLD)的按钮 方法 LOC-仅武器定位器捕获 APP-手臂定位器和滑坡捕获，或者，如果未编写ILS进近程序，则使用LNAV和VNAV进近。 自动驾驶大师 A / P接合：L CMD，C CMD，R CMD接合左，中和右自动驾驶仪命令(CMD)。 脱离 -断开所有三个自动驾驶仪的连接 典型飞行 Typical Flight In a Boeing 747 following the route and climbing and descending is very easy. On the ground you set the flight directors to on and arm LNAV and VNAV and the auto throttle (A/T). On the runway you press the TakeOff GoAround (TOGA) button, which can be assigned in the control settings of the Aerofly FS 2, and take off manually. Right after lift off you can engage the autopilot and let if climb in VNAV SPD. Upon reaching the acceleration height the autopilot pitches the aircraft forward and you can retract the flaps. Reching cruise altitude VNAV PATH engages. Prior to the top of descent you reduce the selected altitude and the aircraft will automatically descent on profile. Near the airport APP is pressed to arm the ILS. Configure the aircraft for landing and adjust the MCP speed window for the final approach to VREF and the aircraft can land on its own and come to a complete stop. 在波音747飞机上，沿着这条路线进行爬升和下降非常容易。在地面上，将飞行指挥器(flight director)设置为开，并武装LNAV和VNAV以及自动油门(A / T)。在跑道上，按一下起飞起飞环绕(TOGA)按钮(可以在Aerofly FS 2的控制设置中分配)，然后手动起飞。提起飞机后，您可以立即启用自动驾驶仪，让其升入VNAV SPD。达到加速高度后，自动驾驶仪会将飞机向前倾斜，您可以收回襟翼。 达到巡航高度VNAV PATH启用。在TOD (Top of descent) * 之前，您需要降低选定的高度，飞机将根据飞行计划自动下降。在机场附近，按下APP即可武装 (还不是启用) ILS。调整飞机降落配置 并 调整MCP速度窗口以达到VREF的最终进近状态，飞机可以自行降落并完全停止。 * 在航空中，下降的最高点(也称为TOD或T / D)是计算的从飞行巡航阶段到下降阶段的过渡，或者是从计划下降到起始进近高度的起始点。 下降的最高点通常由机上飞行管理系统计算，旨在提供最经济的下降到接近高度或满足其他目标(最快下降，最大范围等)。 飞行模式信号器(FMA) The Flight Mode Annunciator (FMA) can be found at the top of the primary flight display (PFD). From left to right it indicates: Auto Throttle Mode: SPD, THR REF, IDLE, HOLD in green Lateral Mode: ATT, LVL, HDG HOLD, HDG SEL, LNAV, LOC, TO/GA and ROLLOUT in green and armed lateral modes: LNAV, LOC, ROLLOUT in white Vertical Mode: V/S, FLCH SPD, VNAV SPD, ALT, VNAV PTH, VNAV ALT, G/S, TO/GA in greeen and armed vertical modes: G/S, FLARE, VNAV Directly underneath the status of the autopilot (CMD) and flight director (FD) are displayed as follows. When the autopilot is in control CMD is displayed above the attitude indicator. When all three autopilots are engaged for landing “LAND 3” is displayed. When no autopilot is active but the flight director left or right are still on the text “FD” is shown. When both flight directors are off as well as all autopilots no label is shown and the flight mode annunciator lateral and vertical modes vanish. 飞行模式信号器(FMA)可以在主要飞行显示器(PFD)的顶部找到。从左到右表示：

飞行模式信号器(FMA) 自动油门模式：SPD，THR REF，IDLE，HOLD为绿色 横向模式：ATT，LVL，HDG HOLD，HDG SEL，LNAV，LOC，TO / GA和ROLLOUT 为绿色。 武装模式下的横向模式：LNAV，LOC，ROLLOUT为白色 垂直模式：V/S，FLCH SPD，VNAV SPD，ALT，VNAV PTH，VNAV ALT，G/S，TO/GA为绿色。 武装模式下垂直模式：G/S，FLARE，VNAV为白色 在自动驾驶仪(CMD)和飞行指引仪(FD)的状态正下方显示如下。当自动驾驶仪处于控制状态时，CMD将显示在姿态指示器上方。当所有三个自动驾驶仪都降落时，将显示“ LAND 3”。如果没有自动驾驶仪处于活动状态，但左或右飞行指引仪仍显示在文本“ FD”上。当两个飞行控制器以及所有自动驾驶仪都关闭时，将不会显示标签，并且飞行模式信号器的横向和垂直模式都将消失。 飞行总监 Filght Director On the very far left and right of the MCP there are two switches for the Flight Director (F/D). They control the visibility of the flight directors on the Primary Flight Displays (PFDs) for each side. Click the left and right flight director switch with the left mouse button to set the flight directors on or off. 在MCP的最左侧和右侧，有两个用于Flight Director(F / D)的开关。它们控制着每一侧主飞行显示器(PFD)上飞行指挥器的可见性。

飞行总监 Filght Director 用鼠标左键单击左右飞行指引仪开关以打开或关闭飞行指引仪。 基本模式 Basic Mode When the first flight director is set to ON or the autopilot is engaged with the flight directors in the OFF position, the basic lateral and vertical mode are selected automatically. On the ground the lateral and vertical modes TO/GA are selected. These guide the aircraft wings level and to the MCP speed + 10kts for takeoff. The basic lateral mode is wings level (LVL) or bank hold (ATT) depending if the current bank angle is above 6° to either side. Wings level (LVL) is followed by heading hold (HDG HOLD) as soon as the bank angle is reduced to zero and the present heading at that time is maintained. Vertically the basic mode is Vertical Speed hold (VS) 当第一个飞行指引仪设置为ON 或 自动驾驶仪已经启用同时飞行指引仪处于OFF位置时，基本的横向和垂直模式会被自动选择。 在地面上，横向和纵向模式都被选到了TO/GA。这些将引导飞机机翼水平并以MCP速度+ 10kts起飞。 基本的横向模式是机翼水平(LVL)或倾斜保持(ATT)，这取决于当前倾斜角度是否大于任一侧的6°。一旦倾斜角减小到零并保持当时的航向，则在机翼水平(LVL)之后跟随航向保持(HDG HOLD)。 垂直方向上的基本模式是垂直速度保持(VS) 横向模式 Lateral modes are controlling the aircraft's bank angle to steer the aircraft across the map left and right. One by one we are now going through all lateral modes that the Boeing 747 offers. But first let us visit the BANK LIMIT selector 横向模式正在控制飞机的倾斜角，以使飞机在地图上左右移动。现在，我们将逐一介绍波音747提供的所有横向模式。但是首先让我们来看看BANK LIMIT selector 选择器 倾斜限度 BANK LIMIT In most Boeing aircraft the pilot has the option to reduce the maximum bank angle of the aircraft when the autopilot is flying a turn. Available options in the Boeing 747 are: 25, 20, 15, 10 and 5 degrees and AUTO. In AUTO the flight director chooses it's own value, in the Aerofly this currently (as of 7th August 2017) is always 25 degrees. Mouse over the outer ring of the heading select knob and rotate the mouse wheel to rotate the outer BANK LIMIT knob to the desired position. Note - This is purely optional. If you leave it in AUTO you won't overshoot a turn and you turn around the quickest way possible (currently). 在大多数波音飞机中，飞行员可以选择在自动驾驶仪转弯时减小飞机的最大倾斜角度。波音747中的可用选项为：25度，20度，15度，10度和5度以及“自动”。在AUTO中，飞行主管选择自己的值，而在Aerofly中，当前值(截至2017年8月7日)始终为25度。

将鼠标悬停在方向选择旋钮的外圈上，然后旋转鼠标滚轮，将外部BANK LIMIT旋钮旋转到所需位置。 注意 -这完全是可选的。如果将其保留在“自动”AUTO状态，则不会过弯，并且会以最快的速度转弯(当前)。 ATT Attitude hold, or rather bank hold, since this is only a lateral mode, maintains the bank angle at engagement. To enter this mode the flight director has to be activated in the air above 6 degrees of bank. This is typically not a mode you would fly in for longer time. 姿态保持，或更确切地说，倾斜保持，因为这仅仅是横向模式，所以保持启动状态时的倾斜角度。要进入此模式，必须在倾斜度超过6度的空中激活飞行指引仪Flight Director。通常，这不是您会长时间飞行的模式。

激活飞行指引仪Flight Director LVL，HDG HOLD After leveling the wings (LVL) the heading hold (HDG HOLD) mode engages. The heading at that time is maintained. To engage this mode: Click the HOLD button underneath the heading selector. The button will illuminate once HDG HOLD is activated. 调平机翼(LVL)后，进入航向保持(HDG HOLD)模式。当时的航向保持不变。要启用此模式：

航向保持(HDG HOLD)模式 单击航向选择器下方的HOLD “保持”按钮。HDG HOLD激活后，该按钮将点亮。 HDG SEL Different to the HDG HOLD mode the HDG SEL lateral mode takes your selected heading into account. The the bank angle is adjusted up to the BANK LIMIT value to turn towards the target heading. To turn towards a selected heading Use the mouse wheel over the inner part of the heading select knob to adjust the selected heading in the window. Click the “SEL” button at the tip of the knob to engage HDG SEL 与HDG HOLD模式不同，HDG SEL横向模式会考虑您选择的航向。倾斜角度被调整到BANK LIMIT值以转向目标航向。 转向选定的标题

选择航向

启用HDG SEL横向模式 使用鼠标滚轮在标题选择旋钮的内部上方调整窗口中的所选标题。 单击旋钮尖端的“ SEL”按钮以接合HDG SEL 起飞/复飞 TO/GA The TakeOff GoAround lateral mode (TO/GA) commands wings level on the ground and runway heading after lift off. This mode is the default mode when you set the flight directors on while on the ground. In the air this mode is engaged by pressing the TO/GA button which can be assigned in the control settings of the Aerofly FS 2. 起飞复飞Takeoff GoAround 横向模式(TO/GA)规定了 机翼在地面上要保持水平 并 在升空后继续延续跑道的朝向。当您在地面上将飞行指挥器Flight Director打开时，此模式是默认模式。在空中通过按下TO/GA按钮进入此模式，可以在Aerofly FS 2的控制设置中分配该按钮。 LNAV Lateral NAVigation (LNAV) is using the pre-programmed flight plan (can be created in the navigation dialog) to follow the route to the destination. It will make turns as needed. Arming LNAV A route must be near by to arm the LNAV mode. Click the LNAV push button on the ground or in flight to arm LNAV. The LNAV push button will illuminate when LNAV is armed or engaged and on the FMA in the second line you can see LNAV armed in white. Engaging LNAV The current selected heading should intercept the flight plan Then LNAV will engage once the flight plan can be captured in a turn When the lateral deviation from the flight plan is small enough LNAV will engage right away (e.g. after lift off) Disarming LNAV Click the LNAV push button when LNAV is still armed in white on the FMA If LNAV is engaged select another lateral mode, e.g. HDG HOLD (see above) 横向导航(LNAV)正在使用预编程的飞行计划(可以在导航对话框中创建)来追寻到达目的地的路线。它将根据需要转弯。

横向导航(LNAV) 武装 Arming LNAV 路线必须在附近以武装LNAV模式。 在地面或飞行中单击LNAV按钮以武装LNAV。当LNAV处于武装 或启用状态时，LNAV按钮将亮起;在飞行模式信号器FMA的第二行中，您可以看到LNAV处于白色布防状态。 启用 Engaging LNAV 当前选择的航向应该能截取飞行计划 然后，一旦转弯可以截取飞行计划，LNAV就会启用 当与飞行计划的横向偏差较小时，LNAV将立即启用(例如，升空后) 解除 LNAV 当LNAV在FMA上仍为白色时，单击LNAV按钮 如果启用了LNAV，则选择另一种横向模式，例如HDG HOLD(参见上文) LOC The localizer capture function requires the ILS receivers to be set to an ILS frequency. This is done fully automatic with the auto tuning but it requires a flight plan with to be programmed. Click the LOC push button to arm the localizer only or Click the APP push button to arm the localizer and glide slope for the ILS approach Note - The armed status of the LOC can be seen on the FMA in the second line in white. Also the LOC or APP buttons illuminate. To disarm the localizer capture Click the LOC or APP button a second time, given they haven't engaged yet. If they have you need to select another mode. If G/S was already captured V/S will engage (see below). Note - You can switch between LOC only and APP as long as they as the glide slope (G/S) is not captured yet. 定位器捕获功能要求将ILS接收器设置到一个ILS频率。这个过程完全通过自动调整全自动完成，但是需要对飞行计划进行编程设置。

LOC模式 单击LOC按钮以单独武装Localizer或 单击APP按钮来武装定位器Localizer和下滑道Glide Slope用于ILS进场 注意 -LOC的武装状态可以在FMA的第二行中以白色显示。LOC或APP按钮也会亮起。 取消 定位器捕获 localizer capture function 如果两个模式尚未启用，请再次单击LOC或APP按钮。如果他们有，则需要选择其他模式。如果已经捕获了G/S，则V/S将参与(见下文)。 注意 -只要尚未捕获下滑道(G/S)，就可以在仅LOC和APP之间切换。 Rollout 当同时捕获LOC和G / S时，ROLLOUT自动武装低于1500ft RA。这种横向模式将使用舵Rudder将ILS定位器保持在地面上。这是该飞机全自动着陆能力的一部分。 垂直模式 Vertical modes guide the aircraft up and down. They use the elevator of the aircraft to control the pitch which leads to a change in the flight path angle, ultimately controlling the altitude of the aircraft. 垂直模式可以引导飞机上下。他们使用飞机的电梯控制俯仰角，从而导致飞行路径角度发生变化，最终控制飞机的高度。 V/S The Vertical Speed hold mode (V/S) compares the current vertical speed of the aircraft with the selected vertical speed in the VERT SPD window and uses the elevator to change the pitch and sink or climb rate. Click the V/S pushbutton on the MCP to enter vertical speed mode Mouse over the vertical wheel next to the button and rotate it with your mouse wheel. The aircraft will change it's attitude according to your mouse wheel, if you spin it down the nose will rise. 垂直速度保持模式(V/S)将飞机的当前垂直速度与VERT SPD窗口中选择的垂直速度进行比较，并使用升降舵Elevator 更改俯仰和下沉或爬升率。

垂直速度保持模式(V/S) 单击MCP上的V / S按钮进入垂直速度模式 将鼠标悬停在按钮旁边的垂直滚轮上，然后用鼠标滚轮旋转它。飞机将根据您的鼠标滚轮改变其姿态，如果您将其向下旋转，则机鼻会上升。 G/S The Glide Slope (G/S) mode is used to neutralize the ILS glide slope deflection. It requires an ILS frequency to be set in the navigation receivers, currently those are tuned automatically if a flight route has been created. Click the APP button on the MCP to arm the localizer and glide slope capture when an ILS is received The glide slope captures when the glide slope diamond is moving towards the center. It can be intercepted from below or above. Note - The glide slope can only capture after the localizer. The aircraft will not descent when it is not established on the localizer yet. Similarly, when the localizer signal is lost or the localizer deviates too much and the localizer tracking is lost then glide slope is disengaged as well. V/S engages instead. 滑行坡度(G/S)模式用于抵消ILS滑行下滑道偏差。它要求在导航接收机中设置ILS频率，当前，如果已创建飞行路线，则将自动对其进行调谐。

单击MCP上的APP按钮，以在收到ILS时武装定位器和下滑道捕获 下滑道菱形移向中心时捕获滑坡。可以从下方或上方拦截它。 注意 -滑坡只能在定位器Localizer之后捕获。如果尚未捕获定位器，飞机将不会下降。类似地，当定位器信号丢失 或 定位器偏离太大导致定位器跟踪丢失时，下滑道也将脱离。V/S将代替启用。 FLARE At 1500ft RA when LOC and G/S are captured the FLARE mode will arm, as can be seen on the PFD in the second line of the FMA. Together with the lateral ROLLOUT mode the FLARE mode will enable the aircraft to touch down on the runway, fully automatic. After touch down the FLARE mode disengages and no active mode is displayed to the pilots. The mode cannot be selected manually, it can only be disengaged by the touch down or going around. Going around can be done with the TO/GA buttons. In this case the TO/GA vertical mode is engaged (see below). 捕获LOC和G / S时，在1500英尺RA处，将启动FLARE模式，如FMA第二行中的PFD所示。结合侧向旋转模式，FLARE模式将使飞机能够全自动降落在跑道上。触地后，FLARE模式脱离，将不显示任何激活的模式。 该模式无法手动选择，只能通过触地或复飞才能解除。可以使用TO/GA按钮完成操作。在这种情况下，将进入TO/GA垂直模式(请参见下文)。 ALT The altitude hold mode (ALT) either engages automatically when the selected altitude is capturing or is activated by pressing the altitude HOLD button. The pitch of the aircraft is adjusted to stay on the target altitude. Click the HOLD button underneath the selected altitude knob. The aircraft will immediately level off and fly back to the altitude at which the button has been clicked. Click the HOLD button again to re-synchronize the target altitude with the current altitude Note - When the HOLD button is illuminated the selected altitude knob above is not affecting the target altitude. When ALT engages from another vertical mode the selected altitude at the time of engagement. When ALT is manually selected the current altitude at engagement is used, not the selected altitude. 捕捉到选定的海拔高度时，海拔保持模式(ALT)会自动启用，或者通过按一下海拔保持altitude HOLD按钮激活。调整飞机的俯仰以保持在目标高度上。

海拔保持模式(ALT) 单击所选高度旋钮下方的HOLD按钮。飞机将立即升空并飞回单击该按钮的高度。 再次单击“HOLD”保持按钮以将目标海拔高度与当前海拔高度重新同步 注意 -当HOLD按钮点亮时，上方所选的高度旋钮不会影响目标高度。当ALT从另一种垂直模式转换过来并启用时，选定的高度将会被实施。当手动选择ALT的模式时，将使用当前的高度，而不是所选高度进行实施。 FLCH SPD The Flight Level Change mode (FLCH) pitches the aircraft to maintain the selected speed in the MCP speed window. Use your scroll wheel over the altitude knob to increase or decrease the selected altitude in the MCP ALT window Click the FLCH button to engage the FLCH SPD mode Mouse over the SPD select knob to change the target speed value in the MCP SPD window if necessary Note - If you are not using auto throttle you need to either increase or decrease throttle for the climb or descent. The aircraft will not pitch down to gain speed if a higher altitude is selected than the aircraft is currently at. The same is true for the descent, the aircraft will not climb if a lower altitude is selected. When the selected altitude is reached ALT engages and the selected altitude is captured automatically. Changing the selected altitude at this time has no effect, you need to push FLCH again to fly towards the newly selected altitude again. 飞行级别更改模式(FLCH)可使飞机俯仰，以保持MCP速度窗口中的选定速度。

飞行级别更改模式(FLCH) 使用滚轮在海拔高度旋钮上增加或减少MCP ALT窗口中的选定高度 单击FLCH按钮以进入FLCH SPD模式 如有必要，将鼠标悬停在SPD选择旋钮上可更改MCP SPD窗口中的目标速度值 注意 -如果您不使用自动油门，则需要增加或减少油门以用于爬升或下降。如果选择的高度比飞机当前所处的高度更高，则飞机将不会降低速度以获得速度。对于下降同样如此，如果选择较低的高度，飞机将不会爬升。 当达到选定的高度时，ALT起作用，并自动捕获选定的高度。此时更改选定的高度无效，您需要再次按下FLCH才能再次飞向新选定的高度。 TO/GA The TakeOff GoAround mode (TO/GA) controls the pitch of the aircraft and works similar to FLCH in that regard. The speed in the MCP speed window is manually selected to the V2 speed. The guidance will use MCP + 10kts and re synchronize the selected speed with the current speed of the aircraft if it exceeds it significantly (e.g. due to a slow rotation). To engage the TO/GA vertical mode Turn on the flight directors on the ground Press the assignable command “TakeOff GoAround button” during the approach to trigger a go around Takeoff GoAround模式(TO / GA)控制飞机的俯仰，并在这方面类似于FLCH。MCP速度窗口中的速度已手动选择为V2速度。该指南将使用MCP + 10kts，并在所选速度明显超过该速度(例如由于缓慢旋转)的情况下，将所选速度与飞机的当前速度重新同步。 启用TO / GA垂直模式

打开地面飞行指引 打开地面的飞行指挥仪 在进近过程中按下可分配的命令“ TakeOff GoAround按钮”以触发复飞 VNAV The Vertical NAVigation (VNAV) uses the vertical profile of the flight plan and guides the aircraft towards it. The aircraft can only climb towards the target altitude when the selected altitude is higher than the current altitude and it can only descent if the selected altitude is lower. Note - VNAV requires the route to be near by and it is typically used together with LNAV to fly along the route and climb and descent on profile. During the climb the target speed from the flight management system (FMS) is uses and VNAV SPD is displayed. In the descent the geometric vertical path of the flight plan is flown in VNAV PATH. When ever the aircraft is leveling off at the selected MPC altitude the mode VNAV ALT engages. When the selected altitude matches the cruise altitude of the flight plan VNAV ALT is not engaged but VNAV PATH engages since the vertical profile is correctly intercepted. When the aircraft is in cruise and VNAV PATH has engaged the selected altitude can be decreased and the aircraft will descent automatically when the top of descent (TOD) is reached. To summarize a typical VNAV profile looks like this: VNAV SPD to the selected MCP altitude (crz alt). VNAV PATH engages when the cruise altitude is captured. At the top of descent the aircraft automatically descents when the selected altitude is lower. 垂直导航(VNAV)使用飞行计划的垂直计划，并将飞机按照其飞行。只有当选定的高度高于当前高度时，飞机才能朝目标高度爬升;如果选定的高度较低，则飞机只能下降。 注意 -VNAV需要路线在附近，并且通常与LNAV一起沿路线飞行并在轮廓上下降。 在爬升过程中，将使用来自飞行管理系统(FMS)的目标速度，并显示VNAV SPD。在下降中，飞行计划的几何垂直路径在VNAV PATH中飞行。每当飞机在选定的MPC高度稳定下来时，VNAV ALT就会进入模式。 当选定的高度与飞行计划的巡航高度匹配时，由于垂直高度计划被正确拦截，因此不启用VNAV ALT，但启用VNAV PATH。当飞机处于巡航状态且VNAV PATH已接合时，可以降低所选的高度，并且当到达下降高度(TOD)时，飞机将自动下降。 总结典型的VNAV计划如下所示：VNAV SPD到选定的MCP高度(crz alt)。捕获巡航高度后，VNAV PATH会接合。在下降高度TOD处，当选定的高度为低高度时，飞机会自动下降。 VNAV SPD VNAV SPD works similar to FLCH SPD but the speed is managed by the FMS and the speed window is blanked. To engage VNAV SPD: Selected a higher altitude in the MCP altitude window. To do this move your mouse cursor over the altitude knob and use your scroll wheel. If VNAV was already engaged before click the altitude select knob If not: Press the VNAV button to engage VNAV. Note - VNAV SPD can also be activated in the descent, when the aircraft is above the programmed vertical profile for example or when the speed is more important than the vertical path, e.g. when slowing down. VNAV SPD的工作方式与FLCH SPD相似，但是速度由FMS管理，并且速度窗口为空白。 启用VNAV SPD：

VNAV SPD 在MCP高度窗口中选择了更高的高度。为此，将鼠标光标移到海拔旋钮上，然后使用滚轮。 如果在单击海拔选择旋钮之前已经使用了VNAV 如果不是，请执行以下操作：按下VNAV按钮以启用VNAV。 注意 -例如，当飞机高于设定的垂直计划时，或者当速度比垂直路径更重要时(例如，减速时)，也可以在下降中激活VNAV SPD。 VNAV PATH In the cruise phase the target altitude is the cruise altitude and after the top of descent the target altitude decreases towards the destination airport. VNAV PATH pitches up and down to stay at a this computed target altitude, typically with little or even idle thrust. To arm the VNAV PATH descent when you are at cruise altitude: Click the VNAV button. This will directly engage VNAV since the vertical profile is already hit When you are in ALT, V/S or FLCH and are below the vertical profile and want to intercept it Select a lower altitude Press the VNAV button. This will arm VNAV in white on the flight mode annunciator. If you were in ALT before VNAV ALT will engage and the altitude will be maintained until you intercept the profile. If you were in FLCH you may want to consider switching to V/S and lower the descent rate to be able to intercept the profile. When you are in V/S the selected vertical speed is maintain until you intercept the profile. When you are above the vertical profile and want to intercept it from above the profile Decrease the selected altitude Click the VNAV button to directly engage VNAV SPD for the descent Extend speed brakes to increase the descent rate or to a speed intervention as described below 在巡航阶段，目标高度是巡航高度，在下降高度TOD之后，目标高度朝着目的地机场减小。VNAV PATH上下倾斜以保持在此计算出的目标高度，通常只有很少甚至是空转怠速推力。 在巡航高度 时要武装VNAV PATH下降：

单击VNAV按钮 单击VNAV按钮。由于已经击中了垂直计划，因此将直接启动VNAV 当您处于ALT，V / S或FLCH且位于垂直计划下方并且想要拦截它时

选择底高度，按下VNAV按钮 选择较低的高度 按下VNAV按钮。武装后的VNAV将在飞行模式信号器上以白色现实。如果您在VNAV之前处于ALT状态，则ALT会起作用，并且高度会保持不变，直到您拦截轮廓为止。如果您使用的是FLCH，则可能要考虑切换到V / S并降低下降率，以便能够截取轮廓。在V / S中时，所选的垂直速度将保持不变，直到您拦截轮廓为止。 当您位于垂直轮廓上方并想从垂直计划上方截取它时

降低高度，按下VNAV按钮 降低所选高度 单击VNAV按钮以直接使用VNAV SPD进行下降 延长速度制动器/扰流板SpeakBrake以增加下降率或进行如下所述的速度干预 VNAV ALT的高度干预Altitude Intervention When ever the MCP selected altitude is captured with VNAV active or armed VNAV ALT engages. This indicates that the climb or descent has been interrupted and the aircraft is no longer climbing or descending on profile. Mouse over the selected altitude knob and rotate your mouse wheel to set a new selected altitude to climb or descent towards Click the altitude knob to continue the climb or descent in VNAV SPD or VNAV PATH Note - During the descent it is normal to level off at the MCP altitude to intercept the glide slope. 只要在VNAV处于启动状态或武装VNAV ALT时捕获MCP选择的高度。这表明爬升或下降已经中断，飞机不再在轮廓上上升或下降。

VNAV ALT时的高度干预 将鼠标悬停在选定的高度旋钮上，并旋转鼠标滚轮以设置新的选定高度，以向上爬升或下降 单击海拔高度旋钮以继续在VNAV SPD或VNAV PATH中进行爬升或下降 注 -在下降期间，通常在MCP高度上稳定下来以拦截下滑道。 速度干预 To manually select a speed when VNAV is active click the SPD knob for a speed intervention. The speed window opens and the current target speed is displayed. You can then select your own target airspeed. Click the SPD knob to activate the speed intervention Use your mouse wheel to change the target airspeed To resume the FMS target speed Click the SPD knob to end the speed intervention 要在启用VNAV时手动选择速度，请单击SPD旋钮进行速度干预。速度窗口打开，并显示当前目标速度。然后，您可以选择自己的目标空速。

速度 单击SPD旋钮以激活速度干预 使用鼠标滚轮更改目标空速 恢复FMS目标速度 单击SPD旋钮以结束速度干预 LNAV/VNAV进场 When no ILS glide slope is available on the destination runway you can fly the approach with LNAV and VNAV. Click the approach button (APPR) when no ILS is received to arm the LNAV/VNAV approach. LNAV and VNAV will engage as usual, except that VNAV is now allowed to descent below the selected altitude. The MCP altitude will not be captured in this mode 如果目标跑道上没有ILS滑坡，则可以使用LNAV和VNAV进场。

LNAV和VNAV进场 当未收到ILS时，请单击进近按钮(APPR)进行LNAV / VNAV进近武装。LNAV和VNAV将照常启用，但现在允许VNAV在选定的高度以下下降。在此模式下不会捕获MCP高度 自动油门 The Auto Throttle (A/T) in the Boeing 747 is engaging a clutch to move the throttle levers. Since your own control handles on the joystick or throttle lever are not actuated this immediately creates some complications. 波音747的自动油门(A / T)与离合器接合，以移动油门杆。由于未操纵操纵杆或油门杆上的控制手柄，因此立即造成一些麻烦。 在自动油门处于启动状态时移动控制设备的油门杆 We recommend not touching your throttle levers when ever you use auto throttle. When Auto Throttle is controlling speed (SPD/MACH) you can move the levers and it will have no effect. When Auto Throttle is in THR REF moving the throttle levers below about 30% will disengage auto throttle and you regain manual thrust control. When Auto Throttle is in HOLD your throttle levers are ignored unless you move them by about 10%. Then your manual throttle position is taken into account. When you use the TO/GA button (assignable in the control settings of the Aerofly FS 2) on the ground you should move your throttle levers forward as well right away or leave them in the 50% range and not touch them until you are in the climb. Reaching the selected altitude the auto throttle will go into SPD mode where you can move your device throttle levers to an intermediate position if desired. When the auto throttle activates IDLE you can move your device throttles to idle as well. Just be quick about it or HOLD will already be engaged and you are suddenly moving the throttles to a forward position. During the approach SPD is usually active again, then you can move the throttle all you want. Engaging Auto Throttle The Auto Throttle (A/T) is armed with the A/T ARM switch on the MCP. If that switch is off auto throttle will be off as well. Click the A/T ARM switch to ARM. This arms the auto throttle and if you have VNAV active this will instantly engage the auto throttle system. When you are in FLCH click the FLCH button again to engage the auto throttle in THR REF mode When flight directors are off or the FMA shows V/S, ALT or G/S click the SPD button to engage the auto throttle in SPD mode 我们建议您在使用自动油门时不要碰油门杆。当“自动油门”控制速度(SPD / MACH)时，您可以移动控制杆，但不会起作用。 当自动油门处于THR REF位置时，将油门杆移至大约30%以下将使自动油门脱离，您将重新获得手动推力控制。 当“自动油门”处于“HLOD”状态时，除非您将其移动约10%，否则油门杆操作将被忽略。然后考虑您的手动油门位置。 当您在地面上使用TO / GA按钮(在Aerofly FS 2的控制设置中指定)时，应立即将油门杆向前移动或将其保持在50%的范围内，不推动油门杆直到您进入爬升模式。 达到选定的高度时，自动油门将进入SPD模式，您可以根据需要将设备的油门杆移至中间位置。 自动油门启用IDLE后，您也可以将设备油门移至怠速。动作迅速，否则HOLD将被启用并且你会突然将油门移至前进位置。 在进近过程中，SPD通常会再次处于活动状态，然后您可以随意移动油门。 启动自动油门

A / T ARM开关

再次单击FLCH按钮

单击SPD按钮 自动油门(A / T)配备了MCP上的A / T ARM开关。如果该开关关闭，则自动油门也将关闭。 单击将A / T ARM切换到ARM。这样可以武装自动油门，如果您启用了VNAV，这将立即启用自动油门系统。 当您处于FLCH时，再次单击FLCH按钮以在THR REF模式下启用自动油门 当飞行指挥器Flight Director关闭或FMA显示V/S，ALT或G/S时，单击SPD按钮以在SPD模式下启用自动油门 SPD/MACH In this mode auto throttle is constantly adjusting the throttle levers to match the MCP target speed (could be blanked, then it is FMS speed). Set A/T to armed by clicking the switch to the upper ARM position Click SPD to set the auto throttle SPD mode Use your mouse wheel over the SPD knob to adjust the target speed. 在此模式下，自动油门将不断调节油门杆以匹配MCP目标速度(可以为空白，则为FMS速度)。

单击SPD设置自动油门SPD 通过单击上方ARM位置的开关将A / T设置为武装 单击SPD设置自动油门SPD模式 使用鼠标滚轮在SPD旋钮上调整目标速度。 THR REF In THR REF mode auto throttle is holding the maximum allowed thrust. This thrust is changed with from TOGA to CLB thrust upon reaching the thrust reduction altitude. Note - You cannot engage auto throttle in THR REF mode when the Flight Directors (FD) are off. When A/T is in THR REF mode and you set both FDs to off the auto throttle will switch to SPD mode. On the ground when A/T is armed (and F/D on) you can press the TakeOff GoAround Button as assigned in the control settings to engage THR REF. The auto throttle will spool up the engines to takeoff thrust and then disconnect from the levers (HOLD). In the air, when you press the FLCH or VNAV button with A/T switch in the ARM position auto throttle will engage in THR REF mode. Note - Moving your throttle levers to idle will disengage the auto throttle. It is still armed and will resume when you press FLCH for example. 在THR REF模式下，自动油门将保持最大允许推力。达到推力减小高度后，该推力从TOGA推力更改为CLB推力。 注意 -当飞行指引仪(FD)关闭时，您无法在THR REF模式下使用自动油门。当A / T处于THR REF模式并且您将两个FD都设置为关闭时，自动油门将切换到SPD模式。 在地面上，当A / T处于武装状态(并且F/D处于打开状态)时，您可以按控制设置中指定的TakeOff GoAround按钮来启用THR REF。自动油门将使发动机加速以获取推力，然后与操纵杆断开(HOLD)。 在空中，当您在A/T开关处于ARM位置的情况下按FLCH或VNAV按钮时，自动油门将进入THR REF模式。 注意 -将油门杆移至怠速位置将脱离自动油门。它仍然处于武装状态，例如在按FLCH时将恢复。 THR To change the thrust reference from TOGA to CLB prior to reaching the thrust reduction altitude you can press the THR button Click the THR button to change the thrust reference from TOGA to CLB prematurely. The THR button will illuminate then. 若要在达到“推力减小”高度之前将推力参考值从TOGA更改为CLB，可以按THR按钮

推力参考值从TOGA更改为CLB 单击“ THR”按钮以过早将推力参考值从TOGA更改为CLB。THR按钮将亮起。 IDLE In this mode auto throttle is actively pulling back the throttle levers to idle. The IDLE mode is typically followed by HOLD. Note - You cannot engage auto throttle in IDLE mode when the Flight Directors (FD) are off. When A/T is in IDLE mode and you set both FDs to off the auto throttle will switch to SPD mode. Engagement in the air is possible by arming the auto throttle and clicking FLCH for the descent 在此模式下，自动油门会主动将油门杆拉回至怠速。IDLE模式后通常是保持(HOLD)。 注意 -当飞行指引仪(FD)关闭时，您无法在IDLE模式下启用自动油门。当A / T处于IDLE模式并且您将两个FD都设置为关闭时，自动油门将切换到SPD模式。 武装自动油门并单击FLCH下降即可进入空中 HOLD When the flight mode annunciator (FMA) on the primary flight display (PFD) shows “HOLD” the auto throttle has disconnected and you are can move your control thrust levers to any position you like. If you don't move them the current thrust is maintained. Note - During the descent HOLD may switch back to SPD and then IDLE and back to HOLD when in VNAV. When auto throttle is in SPD moving your control device throttle levers has no effect. 当主飞行显示器(PFD)上的飞行模式信号器(FMA)显示为“ HOLD”时，自动油门已断开，您可以将控制推力杆移至所需的任何位置。如果您不移动它们，则将保持当前推力。 注 -在下降期间，在使用VNAV时，HOLD可能会切换回SPD，然后切换到IDLE，再切换回HOLD。当自动油门处于SPD中时，移动控制装置的油门杆无效。 全自动着陆 Fully Automatic Landing The fully automatic landing can only be performed on an ILS equipped runway. The ILS receivers have to be tuned to the ILS frequency for the approach. Auto tuning does this for us when we come close to the destination runway. 全自动降落只能在配备ILS的跑道上进行。必须将ILS接收机调谐到ILS频率来进行进场。当我们靠近目标跑道时，自动转弯会为我们做到这一点。 启用自动驾驶和自动油门 We assume no flight director, autopilot or auto throttle was engaged before and we are flying manually. Configure for a normal landing (flaps, gear, auto brake, spoilers armed,…). You can set final landing flaps in the final approach… Click the left and right FD switches to engage the flight directors Click HDG HOLD and ALT HOLD Engage the auto throttle in SPD mode by switching the A/T switch to ARM and pressing the SPD button to engage auto thrust in SPD mode Engage one of the three autopilots 我们假设之前没有启用过过飞行指挥仪，自动驾驶仪或自动油门，并且我们正在手动飞行。

单击左右FD开关

单击“HDG HOLD"

单击“ALT HOLD”

A / T开关切换至ARM并按SPD按钮

启动三个自动驾驶仪之一 配置到正常着陆的设定(襟翼，起落架，自动刹车，扰流板武装等)。您可以在最终进场中设置最终角度的着陆襟翼... 单击左右FD开关以使飞行指导Flight Director启动 单击“HDG HOLD”和“ALT HOLD” 通过将A / T开关切换至ARM并按SPD按钮以在SPD模式下启用自动推力，将自动油门置于SPD模式下 启动三个自动驾驶仪之一 进场 Now let us arm the ILS approach Click the APP button on the MCP when you receive the ILS localizer and glide slope When the trajectory of the aircraft intercepts the localizer, LOC will engage and G/S can also be captured after that. Automatically at 1500ft RA the ROLLOUT and FLARE modes are armed which can be observed on the upper part of the PFD, the flight mode annunciator (FMA). 现在让我们武装ILS进场 收到ILS定位器和下滑道时，请单击MCP上的APP按钮 当飞机的轨迹与定位器相交时，LOC将参与进来，并且在此之后还可以捕获G / S。 在1500英尺RA (Radio Altitude雷达高度)处会自动设置ROLLOUT和FLARE模式，可以在PFD的上部(飞行模式信号器(FMA))上进行观察。

At around 50ft the FLARE mode will engage and touch down the aircraft. At roughly 20ft the auto throttle pulls back the throttle to IDLE. 在大约50英尺的高度，FLARE模式将进入并降落飞机。在大约20英尺处，自动油门会将油门拉回IDLE。

At touch down the ROLLOUT mode activates and keeps the aircraft on the runway 降落时，ROLLOUT模式将激活并使飞机保持在跑道上

When the aircraft has slowed down we can take over manual control again before the aircraft comes to a complete stop. Click the AP DISENGAGE bar on the MCP or use your ap disconnect button or key, which can be assigned in the control settings of the Aerofly FS 2. 当飞机减速时，我们可以在飞机完全停止之前再次接管手动控制。

ap断开按钮 单击MCP上的AP脱离栏，或使用ap断开按钮或键，可以在Aerofly FS 2的控制设置中分配它们。

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